Essay Objective Examples - Why MBA Essay Objectives Is So Important

<h1>Essay Objective Examples - Why MBA Essay Objectives Is So Important</h1><p>We all realize that a respectable MBA degree is the way to getting employed in an enormous number of organizations. Hence, most competitors who have the chance to get into an esteemed MBA program will select these projects, particularly on the off chance that they need to get the chance to bigly affect their vocation as they move to various organizations.</p><p></p><p>What is more, since there are numerous schools and colleges that offer great projects, it isn't just understudies who can profit by these projects yet in addition their managers. This is particularly obvious in situations where applicants are as of now in an exceptionally serious market with organizations who are searching for profoundly prepared professionals.</p><p></p><p>The contrast among candida's and MBA articles lies in the premise on which up-and-comers will compose the ir target and audit papers. To sum things up, an up-and-comer can be permitted to focus on their profession destinations or they can do a MBA exposition. Be that as it may, both have focal points and disadvantages.</p><p></p><p>Since your profession is the premise of your activity advertise, it is imperative to concentrate on it and not burn through your valuable time on subtleties. Be that as it may, it is additionally critical to concentrate on subtleties in your target to feature the characteristics and abilities you have and the characteristics your fantasy depends on. This is done in a couple words.</p><p></p><p>The objective should initially characterize the general profile of your objective. It should specify why you need to have that position and how you intend to arrive at your objective. With this, you would then be able to clarify your present profile or range of abilities, be it according to your organization or yourself.&l t;/p><p></p><p>You might need to portray your qualities and aptitudes that give you a solid possibility of having the option to make sure about steady employments and a satisfying profession. What you can do is present this a defense investigation of somebody who additionally had a similar objective yet didn't complete the necessary evaluations to have the option to secure that MBA degree. For instance, how was your inspiration and how could you take care of indistinguishable issues from the one you are as of now facing?</p><p></p><p>Most critically, a candida article will establish a firm framework for what you need from your vocation. The target can be seen as a sort of venturing stone to a lucrative occupation that offers a great deal of advantages. It is a method of setting yourself up for success.</p>

Bringing Up Issues When Writing a Legnthy Essay

<h1>Bringing Up Issues When Writing a Legnthy Essay</h1><p>When composing an extensive paper, you have to ensure that you raise an issue that you believe is relevant. One of the main things you should consider is your subject. In case you're going to utilize an individual account or an account of yours to outline your point, ensure that you show your authority of the subject. You ought to likewise ensure that you have a detailed situation, for example, 'If Aismsid were a customer item, what might she want?'</p><p></p><p>One way that you can ensure that you raise an issue is to initially build up the issue, for example, 'By what means will the organization's item change the lives of Aismsid's family?' You can likewise raise a particular occurrence wherein a strategy was broken, for instance, 'What might occur if Ms. Kanda was late once more, because of the way that her manager had neglected to convey her vacation notice?' Or, you can raise a g enuine circumstance, for example, 'Since the organization's new item isn't accessible for client audit, what might occur if the salesperson didn't clarify the distinction between the new item and the former one?' These inquiries ought to be legitimately identified with the specific subject. The thought is to discover an issue or circumstance that you feel emphatically about.</p><p></p><p>Another way that you can ensure that you raise an issue is to determine it in your exposition. One approach to determine an issue is to express the realities, offer a solid expression, and afterward to finish up with a significant end. The thought is to complete your article on a solid note. Another technique is to summarize a section or whole entry from another paper. This will permit you to offer a more grounded expression and give a unique way to deal with the essay.</p><p></p><p>The most ideal approach to react to somebody who is condemning your wo rk is to explore the individual. Investigate their work. At that point, investigate your own work and check whether you are committing similar errors. It is imperative to ensure that you react in a reasonable and compact way so you can rapidly excuse the criticism.</p><p></p><p>An phenomenal approach to set up an exposition is to begin with a short, viable section. The thought is to build up your theory, at that point keep on causing solid focuses through your principle contention and afterward to finish up with an end. Your primary contention ought to be the principle focal point of your exposition and the end should help bolster the fundamental idea.</p><p></p><p>An brilliant approach to ensure that you raise an issue is to make a resume agenda. Utilize these rundowns to ensure that you raise gives that you feel are significant. After you complete your paper, you will have an astounding reference for the individual who will peruse yo ur essay.</p><p></p><p>When composing a protracted article, you have to ensure that you raise an issue that you accept is applicable. Make certain to assess your qualities and shortcomings and figure out which is the most ideal approach to go.</p>

Topics For Substance Abuse Argumentative Essay

<h1>Topics For Substance Abuse Argumentative Essay</h1><p>If you have gotten a ramification for substance misuse or dependence, it's a smart thought to compose a pugnacious exposition as a methods for demonstrating your innocence and guarding yourself against the charges that have been set against you. What's more, one of the best approaches to do this is to diagram the issues that you may have been blamed for taking part in, with which you may feel undermined by.</p><p></p><p>In numerous cases, individuals who are blamed for substance misuse or fixation have gotten dug in this way of life because of specific conditions. For instance, there might be other relatives, or maybe companions, who are continually constraining them to engage in criminal operations, for example, selling drugs. If so, it's imperative to plot these particular circumstances and any subsequent results in your substance misuse factious essay.</p><p></p>&l t;p>However, on the off chance that you are compelled to carry on with your own existence with the negative outcomes of substance misuse, it's essential to remember that these activities can't be controlled totally. The motivation behind why is that substance misuse can leave lasting impacts on your life and regularly, those impacts can include states of being, and mental ones also. That is the reason it's critical to remember that the methods by which you can battle your substance misuse ought to consistently be something beyond verbal defense.</p><p></p><p>For occurrence, there are a few points for substance misuse factious article that are regularly disregarded by journalists. Be that as it may, these subjects are basic in helping perusers comprehend why the explanation for your substance misuse has been raised. For instance, numerous essayists will abstain from referencing the genuine purposes for why they utilized substances, for example, liquor or ma ryjane, just as illicit medications. They likewise will in general abstain from examining the negative parts of utilizing illicit drugs.</p><p></p><p>On the other hand, rather than maintaining a strategic distance from these subjects, it's critical to be increasingly decisive about them, so as to give perusers a more noteworthy comprehension of the social and regular remedies for substance misuse. For instance, numerous individuals likewise decide to utilize substances, for example, pot so as to get away from pressure or in light of the fact that they are discouraged. This might be acceptable when the circumstance calls for it, yet it can likewise exacerbate their concern regarding the impacts of substance abuse.</p><p></p><p>You can assist perusers with understanding the common remedy for compulsion on the off chance that you plot the challenges that individuals involvement with terms of defeating the impacts of enslavement. Likewise, you might need to talk about the advantages of following a characteristic solution for substance misuse that is both lawful and acknowledged in the public eye. It is basic to concentrate on the positives, rather than the negatives, when composing a contentious article that centers around themes for substance abuse.</p><p></p><p>Finally, on the off chance that you have to compose a pugnacious exposition for substance misuse, it's imperative to remain inside the limits of what is viewed as adequate in the public eye. There are a lot of different themes for substance maltreatment for authors to browse, yet it's imperative to remember that you are working inside these specific limits, particularly on the off chance that you are working with teenagers.</p><p></p><p>If you ever end up confronting the allegation of substance misuse or habit, you'll need to become familiar with the entirety of the intricate details of how to react and ensure yourself, just as what can happen when you are gotten. To kick you off, consider composing a factious article on the subjects of how to react to allegations of substance abuse.</p>

Essay Sample For IELTS - Get Them Now

Essay Sample For IELTS - Get Them NowIf you are still studying for the IELTS exam but are not sure where to get the right essay samples for IELTS, it is important that you know where to go to get them. By reading this article, you will learn how to get all the essay samples for IELTS you will need to pass the exam. Read on!You should know by now that the IELTS test is one of the most difficult in the world. It will take a full year for someone to finish the entire test. There are several practice exams that you can take, but these are only guidelines. You must have specific written skills to succeed in the exam.Therefore, the first step you should take if you want to learn the essays samples for IELTS is to find out where you can find a professional writer. The only way to do this is to know where to look. Luckily, there are so many people offering IELTS essay samples to learn on the internet.So what are these online student writers doing and who are they? The problem that every IELT S student has is the fact that there are many grammar mistakes and sloppy writing styles used during the exam. In order to prepare yourself for the test, you need to make sure that you study the online essays samples for IELTS very carefully. A small mistake that will cost you a lot during the exam will not be worth it.You need to make sure that you do not copy the sample essays. You need to get the format right so that your essays will be perfect. The best method to do this is to get the free sample essays from the various websites and check it over thoroughly.If you make sure to take the time to learn about the format and the right essay samples for IELTS, you will be well on your way to passing the exam. If you are not a native English speaker, then it will be a real struggle. Therefore, it is very important that you take the time to learn about the different styles that you will face during the exam.However, it is much better to be prepared and use the test material rather than getting surprised by an actual essay question. To prepare yourself for the actual test, you should look at the various styles of essay writing that you will see on the exam. You should know the basics of different types of essays as well as the format for each type.This knowledge will help you make the most of your time on the test. This can help you stay focused and focus your mind on what you are going to study for. This is why it is so important to prepare for the essay sample for IELTS test ahead of time.

Sample Narrative Essay Topics And Paragraphs

Sample Narrative Essay Topics And ParagraphsIf you are looking for sample narrative essay topics then you will be happy to know that these topics are not hard to find. You can easily browse the internet for online sources where you can look up sample essay topics and look at sample paragraphs to give you an idea of how well they will translate into a written piece.It is important that you know that a sample paragraph will not necessarily make your essay perfect, in fact it may be the exact opposite. However, having a few sample pieces will allow you to see the differences between the samples so that you can avoid making similar mistakes.Having a look at a few sample pieces will help you see how these sample pieces are structured and which ones flow better than others. The same goes for the sample paragraphs. You will be able to tell exactly what works and what does not by reading them.Before you start to write any of your own samples, you should research how different sources are str uctured. You should make sure that you know how you want your story to end and how it is presented to the reader. This is very important because this will inform the structure of your narrative essay.For example, if you are writing a sample for high school students then you should try to write a sentence that contains a question and an answer. You may also want to add a little bit of information to your readers such as saying how many people were present in the crowd that day, the weather at the time or the color of the clothes that people were wearing. As you can see, these are just a few examples that you can use when you are looking for sample narrative essay topics.It is always a good idea to do a little bit of research before you begin writing your narrative essay. Remember that you are writing for your college or university so you will need to demonstrate your writing skills. Writing a sample paragraph will help you to get an idea of how much work you need to put into your ess ay and how long the essay will take to finish. This will also help you know how many words per paragraph and how many sentences per paragraph you need to write.These are just a few examples of sample essay topics and sample paragraphs that you can use. Hopefully this will help you get started on your next article!

High School Vs. College - 908 Words

In a person’s life, education is a very critical part and takes an important toll. There are numerous levels of education and an abundant amount of students that do not make it to the highest level possible. High school and college are the two main groups that can make or break a person’s education. Between high school and college, there are different requirements and goals needed to succeed. As a student, self-motivation, the value of education, and the responsibilities students must uphold fluctuate among high school and college. For a student partaking in high school classes’ self-motivation can differ from a student attending college courses. In high school, attending class is mandatory and can lead to consequences if not attended. Attendance is remarkably critical and punishments are not only given to the student, however, the parents as well if the student obtains a bountiful amount of absences. According to the government, going to high school is essential. When the child turns 16 years of age, they are able to drop out of high school with their parent’s approval. If the child decides to stay in school, then consequences can still be given. There is not an abundant amount of self-motivation needed when transportation can be provided for the student and the student must attend class or legal consequences will be given. The only motivation needed to do well in high school classes would be keeping their grades at a passing level. Self-motivation, in college, takes anShow MoreRelatedCollege Vs. High School858 Words   |  4 PagesCollege Vs. High School Some may think that high school and college reading and writing are similar and that it’s just the next level up but it s not, they differentiate in many ways. College reading and writing is more than that, it’s a completely different world when compared to high school. It’s much more advanced and complexed. Some ideas that can be compared are the way we annotate, understand text, assignment topics, the depth of research, and so on. This is important to understanding howRead MoreHigh School Vs. College873 Words   |  4 PagesHigh School Vs. College The transition from high school to college is not only an exciting challenge, but also a great milestone in one’s life. High school and college both share the common goal of expanding students’ knowledge; however, there are many differences between high school and college. They are similar in such ways that you still have to go to class, do class work, take test, and study hard. They differ because in college one is taking on an entire new load of responsibility and optionsRead MoreHigh School Vs. College1149 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Grunow Writing 1010 October 26, 2015 High School vs. College Graduating from high school is what every student is looking forward to. However, going to college is a big accomplishment for all students. The first day of freshman high school and college feels the same, the excitement and pressured. As many students experienced, both high school and college could be compared their similarities. First, both students in college and high school are expected to behave in well mannered, attendRead MoreCollege Vs. High School938 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to college! Congratulations on making it this far! Now the time comes to ramp up the ante! No such program as stepping up to college exists as it does for for high school. Oh wait! It’s called high school. Move it or lose it now, your future rests on your shoulders. High school teachers just handed you your future based on the way you schooled, and college professors tell you to figure it out. College trips up hundreds of students a year, refrain from letting yourself become one ofRe ad MoreHigh School Vs. College1217 Words   |  5 PagesHigh School vs. College In the America, children begin school around the age of six. Once a student enters elementary school, most stay there for five to six years before they go on to secondary school, which involves middle school and high school. After graduating high school some students go on to pursue a â€Å"higher education† through college, but any further schooling after high school is no longer mandatory. In the professional world it is becoming harder and harder for high school students toRead MoreHigh School Vs. College923 Words   |  4 PagesEng. 110-48 31 August 2015 High School Vs. College High school and college are both higher education institutions that enlighten students; however, there are many differences between the two that make them both unique. In high school, the goal is to gain a broad understanding of numerous subjects so that when they arrive to college, they have an understanding of their interests, goals, dreams, and what it takes to pursue their potential career. High school works as a place for students toRead MoreHigh School Vs. College1236 Words   |  5 Pages201    High school vs. College Having a great education is the best legacy in life. It is a proven fact. This accomplishment requires moving on from high school, as well as from college. Moving from high school to college might be an energizing change, yet it is additionally an exceptionally troublesome one. It is a test that the understudy will battle with and in the end change in accordance with after some time. Despite the fact that there are numerous contrasts between high school and college, oneRead MoreHigh School Vs. College965 Words   |  4 PagesHigh School vs. College In the American schooling system, children begin primary school around the age of six, this is called elementary school and most students stay there for five to six years before they go on to secondary school which involves middle school and high school. 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The most important of those schools are high schools and colleges because they have the most impact on deciding what occupation a student wants to pursue. Although high schools and colleges share similarities in providing education, there are also many differences between each other. In both high schools and colleges there are teachers that educate students on certain subjects. Those subjects can range from mathematics

Management and Organization Global Management Functions

Question: Describe about the Management and Organization for Global Management Functions. Answer: Introduction Planning is a management function that is concerned with defining goals and objectives of the organization to be achieved for its future growth and development. Planning aims at providing direction to the overall functions of the organization and is done according to the vision and mission of the organization. Planning is the preparatory step, and chalks down future course of action for a business. It determines what activities are to be performed, what resources would be required to successfully undertake the planned objectives, who will be responsible for completing planned activities and how it will add value to the overall organizational efficiencies (Reiss 2013). Todays business operates in a highly dynamic and unpredictable environment, therefore, it is important to plan future course of action that an organization should adopt in order to be in the market in the long run and to achieve its objectives. Planning involves analysis of firms internal and external environment and understanding their implication on the organizations functioning. Planning enables managers to select most appropriate course of action for the business from different available alternatives. Planning helps the business to effectively allocate organizational resources and achieve organizational efficiency in meeting its short term as well as long-term objectives (Burke 2013). In this context, managers (decision makers) have variety of tools at their disposal that assists in undertaking planning activities. These planning tools help in environmental scanning, forecasting and benchmarking. Planning helps businesses in taking well considered course of action to achieve its objectives, scheduling of various activities, provides control and monitoring of the overall activities and also, assists in taking appropriate measures in case of deviation from the planned objectives (Kerzner 2013). There are multiple planning tools and techniques that are employed for different purposes. For instance, budgeting and forecasting are used for allocation of resources, Gantt Charts are used for production planning and scheduling, PERT networks are used for project planning, sensitivity and scenario planning are used for understanding possible future conditions and enhancing managerial decision making, and so on (McNeil et al. 2015). The purpose of this assignment is to discuss planning tools and techniques that assist in making strategic decisions and to take the organization to right direction in the unpredictable business environment. The report, therefore discusses various planning tools such as budgeting and planning, PERT networks, Gantt charts, and sensitivity and scenario analysis. The essay discusses in detail about the concepts, application, advantages as well as limitations of these planning tools or techniques and helps to understand how these tools assist in developing effective plans for business organizations in order to achieve their final goals or objectives. Budgets and forecasts Forecasting and budgeting is one of the most important and commonly used planning techniques used by managers. It is used to determine and to detail an organizations long term as well as short-term financial goals. Budgeting and forecasting are financial planning techniques that assist managers in the decision making process. Budgeting technique uses estimation to quantify or to monetize the expectation of revenues a business aims to achieve for a future period, forecasting on the other hand, is used to predict the volume of revenues that will be achieved (Verzuh 2015). Budgeting aims at outlining a plan for an organization concerning where it wants to go; while, forecasting indicates where the organization is actually headed. In addition, budgets provide detailed list of incomes and expenses and provides a realistic guide for planning activities. While, forecast simply presents list of possible income and expenses scenarios. Moreover, budgets are generally based on past performance and include some forecasting; however, a budget that takes into consideration multiple forecasting is more effective as it allows the business to opportunities and downturns more quickly (Bozarth and Handfield 2016). Budget: A budget is the estimation of revenues and expenses an organization that a firm has to incur over a future period (particular accounting period). It is a detailed financial outline of what business thinks will happen over a period of time financially. Budgets are written documents that include information about business revenue, expenses, cash flows and it represents business financial position (Leach 2014). Budgets can be understood as a quantified expectation of resources that a business would require in order to achieve some predetermined goals and objectives. Budgets are prepared for future period considering various goals and objectives of the firm such as vision, mission, business strategies, and goals and objectives. It provides necessary direction to the business activities as well as serves the purpose of business control tool to achieve predetermined business objectives (Hope and Fraser 2013). In order to develop budget that would guide spending, both fixed and variable expenses are considered. Fixed expenses are those expenses that do not change each budgeting cycle such as rents, interest payments and insurance premiums. Variable expenses changes each month and include electricity bills, utilities, commissions, and phone bills. It involves documenting how the organizations overall plan would be executed over a specified period, outlining expenditures. Budget is a control tool that is frequently employed by managers to compare actual outcomes with expected results to determine variances and to develop strategies to minimize those variances (Kerzner 2013). In order to use budget as useful tool to manage business operations, managers have to consider some important things such as the budgets should be based on realistic cash flows. The budget should be able to differentiate between essential expenses and discretionary expenses. In addition, incorporating cash reserves into the budget can be good strategy as it acts as cushion future downturns in business (Kendrick 2013). Forecast: Forecast is an estimate of what the organization wants to achieve. Forecasting is used to predict companys income and is undertaken using accumulated sales and revenue historical data of the organization and the industry (trend analysis)s to predict financial outcomes for some predetermined period. Forecasting helps to estimate possible fixed and variable expenses based on different sales and revenue scenarios. Forecasting is used to determine how a company should allocate their budget for a future period. Unlike budgets, financial forecasting is updated more frequently if there is change in business market outlook or change in business plan. It is an important tool that assists managers to make necessary adjustments in expenses and align business functions with changing market conditions within the budgeting period (Acebes et al. 2014). Further, it is crucial for managers to consider some points while doing forecasts for the company. The most important point that managers have to consider is to develop more than one forecast for the company, preferably three forecasts; one that presents positive outlook, one for pessimistic scenario, and one most likely. This helps managers to plan for growth, but also helps to prepared for unexpected markets conditions that are not originally thought of. Next important point is to keep updated about market conditions and updating forecasts on regular basis. Moreover, it is also important to involve key people from the organization while developing forecast document as they have better understanding of the business goals and market condition, which will improve the accuracy of forecasting document (Goodman et al. 2013). Advantages of budgeting and forecasting There are many advantages of budgeting and forecasting in the organizational context, that can be given as Budgeting and forecasting are frequently in business organizations as they provide an effective way of allocating and utilizing resources within the organization. It improves managers understanding of future business environment and contingencies. It also acts a motivational tool as it presents overall vision of the organization, helps in identifying roles and responsibilities of employed in achieving organizational objectives and improves inter organizational communication (Reiss 2013). Drawbacks Though, there are many advantages of budgeting and forecasting in planning, these tools are not full prove and have following disadvantages such as Developing organizational budgets and forecasts requires considerations for a lot activities and factors, which carries real opportunity cost. Moreover, due to changing market conditions, business plans or any other factors, forecasts are required to be frequently updated that makes the previous budgeting and forecasting exercise futile. The frequency of errors and inaccuracies in the budgets and forecast are very high as compared to other planning tool and techniques. In addition, budgeting and forecasting may lead to inter department conflicts as organizational resources are limited and each department wants to get hold of maximum resources (Acebes et al. 2014). PERT Pert is an abbreviation for Program Evaluation Review Technique. It is a statistical tool that is widely used by business for planning and coordinating business operations or projects. It is developed to analyze and represent various tasks involve in completing a given project. PERT was designed by United States Navy in 1950s and is generally used in conjunction with Critical Path Method (CPM). It is a network based tool for planning and scheduling multiple inter related tasks in large and complex projects. It helps to answer the shortest possible time for completing the project and what activities must be undertaken first and in what order to minimize project completion time (Wyatt 2012). PERT employs statistical techniques to measure to measure and forecast development in business projects. The technique is widely used in manufacturing organizations. It provides a framework for decision making that helps managers to take effective decisions in order to achieve end objectives, and also saves time in taking business decisions. Moreover, the PERT is an effective decision making tool that helps managers to save time in decision making functions for those projects where time is a vital factor. It takes into consideration all the three crucial factors that influence the successful achievement of end objectives. These factors are time, resources and technical performance specifications (Hajdu 2013). PERT uses time as a variable factor that presents planned resource applications and performance specifications. PERT helps to quantify uncertainties that may arise in the course of achieving business objectives about which little information is available, thereby allowing management to develop greater understanding of the business environment (market) and formulate appropriate strategies to minimize such risks (Wang 2013). PERT technique is used to processes the data concerning the major events or finite milestones that are necessary to accomplish end objectives, establishes inter dependencies between those events and predicts the time (or range of time) that are necessary to execute activities between two successive events. The time estimates in PERT includes optimistic time, most likely time, and pessimistic time for individual activity between two successive events (Hajdu and Bokor 2014). PERT is management control technique that helps the in helps in achieving the objectives of the business in the specified time, highlighting the risks in the market that requires management intervention. It helps in identifying and defining both the methodicaness and slack in the network of sequential activities that has be undertaken to achieve business objectives. It compares the current expected time with planned completion time; and calculates the probability of meeting objectives on time and simulates effects of various decision options that are available to meet the business objectives. Thus, PERT helps the decision makers (managers) to identify and implement best available decision alternative to meet the business goals and objectives (Heagney 2012). PERT technique helps simplifying the planning and scheduling of large and complex projects in uncertain business conditions, when details and durations of various activities in meeting the final objective is not known. It is used for one time projects where historical data are not available. Further, it is used for those non-routine business decisions or projects where time is the critical factor rather than cost (Hajdu 2013). Pert planning process It consist of following six steps Identifying the individual tasks to be performed Identifying the dependencies between the tasks to determine the sequence of tasks to be undertaken Drawing a network diagram representing these tasks Obtaining estimates of time for completing each activities Identifying critical path Keeping the network diagram and critical path throughout the project Example In order to, better understand the application of PERT technique, following example can be considered: Task Predecessors a (Optimistic time estimate) m (Realistic time estimate) b (Pessimistic time estimate) A 2 5 8 B A 1 2 9 C A 0.25 0.5 3.75 D B 1 1 7 E B, C 1 2 9 F D, E 1 3 11 (Source: As created by author) Activity duration estimates: PERT technique employs three time estimates (a, m and b), to minimize the error in estimating activity duration. These time estimates are a = shortest possible time to complete an activity assuming everything goes perfect. m = most likely time to complete an activity under normal circumstances. b = longest possible time to complete an activity for worst case scenarios. Based on these time estimates, a weighted average and variance is calculated for individual activity duration as a measure of average duration and corresponding variability. Nodes represent events and activities are represented by arrows Weighted average = (Shortest time + 4 x Most likely time + Longest time) / 6 Standard deviation = (b a) / 6 Average critical path The estimated duration for the critical path is sum of expected durations of the critical activities i.e. (5 + 3 + 3 + 4 = 15) and expected variance of the critical path is equal to sum of variances of the critical activities i.e. (12 + {8/6}2 + {8/6}2 + {10/6}2 = 7.33. Moreover, it is important to note that activities on average critical path are considered for calculation of variance. The network diagram for the above activities are given as Fig: Network diagram and average critical path (Source: As created by author) Advantages: PERT provides the project manager with expected period within which the project can be executed and provides direction to the project functions. PERT chart helps in explicitly defining and making visible dependencies between work breakdown structure (WBS) elements. PERT helps in identifying the critical path of an activity. It helps in reducing overall project duration by providing a better understanding of dependencies between various activities by reducing overlapping of activities and tasks where viable. PERT presents large amount of project data in the form of diagrams that assists in effective decision making (HazÄ ±r 2015). Disadvantages For a large project, there can be hundreds or thousands of activities and individual dependency relationships, which cannot be represented in a single sheet and therefore, cannot be used for practical reasons. Another limitation is that all the estimates are subjective and depends on the abilities of the managers. PERT focuses on the time aspects of the project in achieving and does not account for the overall costs. In addition, PERT network charts becomes complicated and unmanageable for large projects that constitutes hundreds or even thousands of activates and dependency relationships. Further, for large and complex projects, PERT charts become expensive to develop, update and maintain (HazÄ ±r 2015). Gantt chart A Gantt chart is kind of bar chart that was developed by Henry Gantt in the 1910s which depicts project schedules. It is essentially a timeline view of the entire project tasks and helps to visualize data. Gantt chart consists of series of horizontal lines that represents the amount of work done or some activities completed in certain periods of time in relation to the amount of time planned for completing those planned activities. Gantt charts are useful planning and monitoring tool that are commonly used in project management. It is one of the most helpful ways of representing activities (tasks or events) against time. In Gantt chart, the left side represents a list of activities that has to be undertaken and at the top is represented a suitable time scale that is deemed correct for completing the mentioned activities. In Gantt charts individual activities are represented by a bar; the position and length of bar indicates start date, duration and end date of the activity (Sharon et al. 2014). Gantt charts are the graphical representation of various activities that are to be undertaken to successfully complete the project. It helps to understand what activities are to undertaken, when each activity begins and ends, how long each activity is expected or scheduled to last, where activities overlap and by what magnitude, and the starting and end date of the entire project. In other words, Gantt chart helps to represent what activities have to perform the schedule for completing those activities. It in the modern business organizations Gantt charts are frequently used tracking project schedules. It provides crucial information about the various tasks or phases of the a project i.e. how various activities of the project are related to each other, how far the each activity of the project has performed, resources employed for individual activities and other project related information (Ong et al. 2016). In order to complete the project successfully, it is important to manage and control a large number of activities so that the project can be completed on time. Time is an important factor for achieving the desired objectives. Even if a part of a project is delayed, it can have serious implications on the entire project and overall cost of the project will increase manifold. Gantt chart, in this context, helps managers to have complete control on project tasks and effectively eliminate deviations, if any. It provides a quick overview of the entire project, its associated tasks and the order in which it needs to be completed (Baker and Trietsch 2013). Gantt chart preparation In order to develop an accurate Gantt chart, following steps are required to be taken Identify essential tasks Linking various tasks Adding constraints Including resources Enhancing Gantt charts Reviewing the project In the todays world, there are many software applications that enable manager to develop accurate and holistic Gantt chart. Some of the popular software for developing Gantt cart is Microsoft Project, MindView Business Edition, and Primavera Project Planner. In order to develop Gantt chart, it is important to first completely understand the complete project plan and various aspects associated with it. The best way to understand project plan is to use work breakdown structure that splits the tasks into sub tasks and presents them in hierarchical order. In this regard, mind mapping of the entire project can be undertaken to ensure that all the activities of the project is included. Once the project plan is completed, data is feed into the application to get the relevant Gantt chart (Dayani and Gelbard 2015). Example In order to better understand the importance and application of Gantt chart, following example for a shop floor planning can be used Task Length Type (sequential or parallel) A - Brainstorming and high level analysis 1 week S B - Preliminary market research 3 week P C - Preliminary manufacturing study 1 weeks P D - Evaluation and selection of best product design 1 week S E -Developing detailed marketing plan 1 week P F - Designing manufacturing process 3 week P G - Developing detailed product design 3 week P H - Building and testing prototype 1 week S I - Finalizing product design 2 week S J - Ordering product components 1 week S K - Ordering production equipments 3 week P L - Installing production elements 2 week S (Source: As created by Author) Based on the activities identified for the above project, the Gantt chart can be generated as given below: Time in weeks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A - Brainstorming and high level analysis B - Preliminary market research C - Preliminary manufacturing study D - Evaluation and selection of best product design E -Developing detailed marketing plan F - Designing manufacturing process G - Developing detailed product design H - Building and testing prototype I - Finalizing product design J - Ordering product components K - Ordering production equipments L - Installing production elements (Source: As created by author) Advantages During the process of setting up Gantt chart, all the tasks related to the project are well thought of in advance, this helps managers to avoid any instances of forgetting any crucial aspect related to the project. Moreover, during this process, people responsible to execute various activities, time required to execute various activities and problems that may arise in the process of project completion are considered and remedial measures are planned in advanced. Thus it can be said that developing a Gantt chart ensures that the project plan is workable, right people are assigned for each task and management have workarounds for potential problems even before the project starts. In addition, Gantt chart helps to determine minimum time required to deliver the project and the critical path to be followed in executing various tasks related to the project. This also helps the interested stakeholders to keep informed about the projects progress (Browning 2014). Limitations One of the greatest limitation of Gantt chart is that it works effectively only for smaller projects. As the project becomes larger and complex, it becomes practically difficult to rely on Gantt charts for the purpose of scheduling and controlling the project objectives. Moreover, Gantt charts do not represents various sub tasks that are important to achieve a milestone (Riol and Thuillier 2015). Sensitivity and scenario analysis Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis is a mathematical tool that helps decision makers to determine how different values of an independent variable can influence a particular dependent variable under some particular set of assumption and circumstances. It is data driven analysis that of how some variable variables impacts a single variable. This method is widely use in decision making and is sometimes referred to as what if analysis as it provides managers a simulation analysis to predict the outcome of a decision within a particular set of decision variables. In sensitivity analysis, key quantitative assumptions and computations related to a decision are changed systematically in order to determine their effect on the final outcome (Weglarz 2012). Example: In order to better understand the concept, following example can be considered Sensitivity analysis can be used to determine the influence of customer traffic on total sales. The sales are dependent on price and transaction volume. Assuming, that the price of merchandise is $1000 and the company sole a total of 100 items last year, for an overall sales revenue of $100,000. Further, it is established that 10 % rise in customer traffic increases transaction volume by 5%. This knowledge can be used to develop a financial model and sensitivity analysis around this equation based on what if statements. The model can be used to explain what would happen if the customer traffic increases by 10%, 20%, 50% and so on. Based on the current data, the 10%, 20% and 50% increase in customer traffic would lead to increase in transaction by 5, 10 and 50 respectively. This analysis also indicates that sales are highly sensitive to change in customer traffic (Fang and Marle 2012). Sensitivity analysis is one of the important business decision tools. In order to make an effective decision managers have to identify cost drivers as well as other quantities that influence the quality of decision making. On the other hand, some quantities do not have any influence on overall quality of decision taken by the managers and the collection of information about these quantities can be relaxed. This helps the business to save some valuable resources without any loss in the accuracy of decision (Young 2013). Advantages Sensitivity analysis helps business managers to identify critical assumptions and compare alternative model structures. It helps the mangers in collecting relevant data for future use and also helps in resource allocation. It helps in testing the robustness of an optimal solution and highlights about the riskiness of the strategy developed by the organization (Gal and Greenberg 2012). Limitations In most of the business decision scenarios, variables are interconnected or correlated with each other and thus, it becomes practically difficult to examine each variable individually. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is based on assumptions that employs past data, which may not hold true in future. In addition, the maximum and minimum values used for the analysis is open to subjective interpretation. This can have adverse effect on the overall accuracy of the analysis (Deif 2012) Scenario analysis Scenario analysis can be defined as a process of analyzing future course of events by considering alternative possible outcomes. Thus, it helps to predict future scenarios and enables managers to develop greater understanding of the future market conditions to that they can take effective decisions (kmen and ztaÃ…Å ¸ 2015). Moreover, scenario analysis does not rely on past or historical data to make projections about the future; instead it tries to possible developments and turning points. It is helpful to develop optimistic, pessimistic and most like scenarios, so that the managers or decision makers can formulate appropriate strategies to deal with future market conditions. Further, the purpose of undertaking scenario analysis is to improve managerial decision making by allowing consideration of outcome and its implications (Chow 2014). In order to undertake scenario analysis following steps can be undertaken Defining the problem: having a clear understanding of the problem enables the managers to understand final outcome that the business wants to achieve. For example, if the business wants to launch a new product that cater to corporate clients in managing their financial data. In this context, it is important to access where the business would be headed in the next five years and what future conditions might affect the success of the business. Collecting data: Once the problem has been identified, the decision makers are required to identify key factors, trends and uncertainties that would influence the business plan. This can be achieved through running a situational analysis comprising of both external and internal business environments. Based on the analysis, key assumptions are required to be identified on which the plan depends (Hassani 2016). In this case, the key assumptions can be the state of economy i.e. clients have suspended their business development plans due to recession in the economy, perceived importance of the business plan for the clients in enhancing organizational productivity. Separating certainties from uncertainties: Based on the assumptions identified, it is important to determine the validity of those by thoroughly challenging them and selection of validated assumptions as certainties. Other assumptions that are not so significant or crucial for successful implementation of business plans can group as uncertainties (Lee et al. 2016). For the above business plan, certainties are identified as large organizations face problems financial management for diverse group of products and services they deal in and the new product provide by the organization would help corporate clients in enhancing their organizational capabilities. However, there are other competitors in the proposed business plan category that may significantly hamper the business plan in the long run. Developing scenarios: Now depending on the uncertainties, different scenarios are developed starting from the top uncertainty. Based on all the uncertainties, optimistic, most likely and pessimistic scenarios are developed (Amer et al. 2013). The three scenarios for the above example can be First, the new product would be a success as the economy is growing steadily. Second, the product would be able to pull through the market slowly as the economy is in declining stage and lastly, the product would require time and organizational resources to establish in the market and the intensifying competition and recession in the economy would ultimately lead to product failure. Using scenarios for planning: Based on the scenarios, the managers can plan accordingly. Advantages of scenario analysis Advantages of scenario analysis include Scenario analysis helps management in making most appropriate decisions considering all the available alternatives available. It helps the organization to avoid poor investment decisions. Scenario analysis presents best and worst outcomes that an organization might face in the future, therefore, it allows the organization to be prepared for possible future opportunities and threats. This helps organizations to be proactive instead of being reactive (kmen and ztaÃ…Å ¸ 2015). Drawbacks of scenario analysis One of the major disadvantages of scenario analysis is that it is subjective in nature and its accuracy depends on the capabilities and experience of the planner. Other disadvantage of scenario analysis lies in the fact that it is not possible to accurately predict future scenarios for long-term projects, especially if the project is expected to exceed two or more financial years. Moreover, it is impossible to implement scenario analysis in those conditions where trends change frequently, or some natural disaster or some unprecedented financial events (Chow 2014). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that planning tools and techniques plays an important role in formulating and implementing organizations plan. Planning tools helps in scheduling and coordinating various organizational plans and assists managers to ensure that the organizational objectives are effectively accomplished. There are different planning tools that assist managers in the planning process. Some of the most commonly employed planning tool include budgeting and forecasting, PERT network diagrams, Gantt charts, and sensitivity and scenario analysis. Although, all these tools and techniques helps managers in planning, they all serve different purposes and are employed according to the type of project, complexity and organizational needs. Budgeting and forecasting helps in determining future expenses that the organization has to incur to reach its objectives whereas forecasting helps in determining the how these objectives would be achieved. PERT network diagrams he lp managers to identify various activities that have to be undertaken to accomplish a project. It also helps the managers to identify the shortest possible time within which a project can be completed. Moreover, it also helps to establish dependencies between various tasks necessary to successfully complete the project. Gantt charts on the other presents the project milestone in the form of horizontal bar charts. Gantt charts helps in scheduling the project tasks and provides a overall idea about projects progress. Lastly, sensitivity and scenario analysis helps in determining future conditions related to the project and presents various situations that might occur at some point in the future, thereby enabling managers to prepare for such contingencies and select most appropriate course of action. References Acebes, F., Pajares, J., Galn, J.M. and Lpez-Paredes, A., 2014. A new approach for project control under uncertainty. Going back to the basics. 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